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方块电阻计算器

SURAGUS薄层计算器（又称rho工具）能够计算单层系统和双层系统的多种物理参数。

可计算的参数包括：

  • 方块电阻（又称方块电阻率）
  • 体电阻率
  • 电导率
  • 层厚度

SURAGUS开发并制造非接触式测量设备，能够测量薄膜的方块电阻、电阻率、电导率和层厚度。

该计算器基于物理定律进行理论值转换。我们不保证其计算结果的正确性及对特定条件的适用性。

对于多层堆叠结构，存在一些常见的特殊情况，涉及高级理论或实践模型，我们很乐意与您分享。欢迎您通过联系表单与我们取得联系。

如果您想了解更多关于方块电阻的信息，请查看此页面。

单层方块电阻公式
层堆叠可视化。顶部涂层 - 金属基材 - 底部涂层
多层方块电阻公式
适用于以下情况：
  • 一种无任何导电涂层的导电基底
或
  • 一层导电层位于非导电基底上，且无任何其他导电涂层
???  = 
体电阻率 ρ
层厚度 t
???  = 
1
电导率 σ
 * 
层厚度 t
???  = 
方块电阻 RS
 * 
Layer thickness t
???  = 
1
体电阻率 ρ
???  = 
1
方块电阻 RS
 * 
层厚度 t
???  = 
体电阻率 ρ
方块电阻 RS
???  = 
1
方块电阻 RS
 * 
电导率 σ
???  =  0.0108  * 
方块电阻 R□

非接触式单点测量设备，适用于：

  • 方块电阻
  • 电阻率
  • 金属层厚度
  • 发射率
  • 电各向异性

非接触式扫描测量设备，适用于：

  • 方块电阻
  • 电阻率
  • 金属层厚度
  • 发射率
  • 电各向异性

材料列表及其电导率（MS/m）和电阻率（µΩ·cm）

  • 基本要素
  • 建筑材料
  • 合金
  • 碳
  • 聚合物
  • 半导体
  • 印刷浆料
  • 透明导电材料

SURAGUS不声明该表格是完整的。此外，我们不保证所显示数值的正确性。


















































材料 材料类型

电导率 [MS/m]

 电阻率
[µΩ·cm]

%IACS
Silver, Ag basic elements 64.5161 1.55 111.23
Aluminum, Al basic elements 37.0370 2.70 63.86
Arsenic, As basic elements 2.1739 46.00 3.75
Gold, Au basic elements 45.4545 2.20 78.37
Boron, B basic elements 0.000000015385 6,500,000,000 0.00
Barium, Ba basic elements 2.0000 50.00 3.45
Beryllium, Be basic elements 23.2558 4.30 40.10
Bismuth, Bi basic elements 0.8928 112.00 1.54
Calcium, Ca; Rolled basic elements 21.7391 4.60 37.48
Calcium, Ca; Annealed basic elements 21.7391 4.60 37.48
Cadmium, Cd basic elements 12.9870 7.70 22.39
Cerium, Ce basic elements 1.28205 78.00 2.21
Cobalt, Co basic elements 16.0256 6.24 27.63
Chromium, Cr; As-Swaged basic elements 7.6923 13.00 13.26
Chromium, Cr; Recrystallized basic elements 7.6923 13.00 13.26
Chromium, Cr; Annealed basic elements 7.6923 13.00 13.26
Cesium, Cs basic elements 5.2632 19.00 9.07
Copper, Cu; Annealed basic elements 58.0013 1.72 100.00
Copper, Cu; Cold-Worked basic elements 58.8235 1.70 101.42
Copper, Cu; Cold Drawn basic elements 58.8235 1.70 101.42
Dysprosium, Dy basic elements 1.0811 92.50 1.86
Erbium, Er basic elements 1.1765 85.00 2.03
Europium, Eu basic elements 1.0989 91.00 1.89
Iron, Fe basic elements 11.2360 8.90 19.37
Gallium, Ga basic elements 5.7143 17.50 9.85
Gadolinium, Gd basic elements 0.7634 131.00 1.32
Germanium, Ge basic elements 2.0000 50.00 3.45
Hafnium, Hf; Rod basic elements 2.8169 35.50 4.86
Hafnium, Hf; Plate basic elements 2.8169 35.50 4.86
Hafnium, Hf; Strip basic elements 2.8169 35.50 4.86
Mercury, Hg basic elements 1.0438 95.80 1.80
Holmium, Ho basic elements 1.2285 81.40 2.12
Indium, In basic elements 11.9048 8.40 20.53
Iridium, Ir; Cold-Drawn basic elements 21.2766 4.70 36.68
Iridium, Ir; Annealed basic elements 21.2766 4.70 36.68
Potassium, K basic elements 13.8889 7.20 23.95
Lanthanum, La basic elements 1.2531 79.80 2.16
Lithium, Li basic elements 11.9048 8.40 20.53
Lutetium, Lu basic elements 1.2658 79.00 2.18
Magnesium, Mg; Sand Cast basic elements 21.7391 4.60 37.48
Magnesium, Mg; Extruded basic elements 21.7391 4.60 37.48
Magnesium, Mg; Hard-Rolled Sheet basic elements 21.7391 4.60 37.48
Magnesium, Mg; Annealed Sheet basic elements 21.7391 4.60 37.48
Manganese, Mn basic elements 0.6944 144.00 1.20
Molybdenum, Mo, Annealed basic elements 17.5439 5.70 30.25
Molybdenum, Mo, Stress Relieved basic elements 17.5439 5.70 30.25
Molybdenum, Mo, Recrystallized basic elements 17.5439 5.70 30.25
Sodium, Na basic elements 20.9644 4.77 36.14
Niobium, Nb (Columbium, Cb); Annealed Sample basic elements 6.6225 15.10 11.42
Niobium, Nb (Columbium, Cb); Cold-Worked basic elements 6.6225 15.10 11.42
Niobium, Nb (Columbium, Cb); Wrought basic elements 6.6225 15.10 11.42
Neodymium, Nd basic elements 1.5552 64.30 2.68
Nickel, Ni basic elements 15.6250 6.40 26.94
Neptunium, Np basic elements 0.6098 164.00 1.05
Osmium, Os; Annealed basic elements 12.3153 8.12 21.23
Osmium, Os; Cold-Worked basic elements 12.3153 8.12 21.23
Osmium, Os; Arc-Melted basic elements 12.3153 8.12 21.23
Protactinium, Pa basic elements 6.6667 15.00 11.49
Lead, Pb basic elements 4.8544 20.60 8.37
Palladium, Pd basic elements 10.0705 9.93 17.36
Praseodymium, Pr basic elements 1.4706 68.00 2.54
Platinum, Pt, CP Grade, Annealed basic elements 9.4340 10.60 16.27
Platinum, Pt, CP Grade, Hard Drawn - 50% Cold Worked basic elements 9.4340 10.60 16.27
Platinum, Pt, Thermocouple Quality, Annealed basic elements 9.4340 10.60 16.27
Plutonium, Pu basic elements 0.6667 150.00 1.15
Rubidium, Rb basic elements 7.8125 - 8.00 12.50 - 12.80 0.00
Rhenium, Re; Annealed basic elements 5.1813 19.30 8.93
Rhenium, Re; Deformed basic elements 5.1813 19.30 8.93
Rhodium, Rh; Annealed basic elements 23.2558 4.30 40.10
Rhodium, Rh; As-Plated basic elements 23.2558 4.30 40.10
Rhodium, Rh; Hardened basic elements 23.2558 4.30 40.10
Ruthenium, Ru; Annealed basic elements 13.8889 7.20 23.95
Ruthenium, Ru; Hot Rolled Bar basic elements 13.8889 7.20 23.95
Antimony, Sb basic elements 2.4390 41.00 4.21
Scandium, Sc basic elements 1.9646 50.90 3.39
Selenium, Se basic elements 8.3333 12.00 14.37
Silicon, Si basic elements 0.0100 10,000.00 0.02
Samarium, Sm basic elements 0.9524 105.00 1.64
Tin, Sn basic elements 8.6957 11.50 14.99
Strontium, Sr basic elements 4.0000 25.00 6.90
Tantalum, Ta; Cold Worked basic elements 8.0000 12.50 13.79
Tantalum, Ta; Annealed basic elements 8.0000 12.50 13.79
Tantalum, UNS R05200 basic elements 8.0645 12.40 13.90
Tantalum, UNS R05400 basic elements 8.0645 12.40 13.90
Terbium, Tb basic elements 0.8772 114.00 1.51
Technetium, Tc; As-Rolled basic elements 5.4054 18.50 9.32
Technetium, Tc; Annealed basic elements 5.4054 18.50 9.32
Tellurium, Te basic elements 0.6667 150.00 1.15
Thorium, Th basic elements 7.6923 13.00 13.26
Titanium, Ti basic elements 1.8050 55.40 3.11
Thallium, Tl basic elements 6.6667 15.00 11.49
Thulium, Tm basic elements 1.4793 67.60 2.55
Uranium, U; Cast basic elements 3.3333 30.00 5.75
Uranium, U; Beta-Annealed basic elements 3.3333 30.00 5.75
Uranium, U; Wrought Alpha Phase basic elements 3.3333 30.00 5.75
Vanadium, V; Cold Rolled basic elements 4.0323 24.80 6.95
Vanadium, V; Vacuum Annealed Wire basic elements 4.0323 24.80 6.95
Vanadium, V; Hot Rolled Bar basic elements 4.0323 24.80 6.95
Vanadium, V; Vacuum Annealed Sheet basic elements 4.0323 24.80 6.95
Vanadium, V; Cold Drawn Wire basic elements 4.0323 24.80 6.95
Tungsten, W basic elements 17.6991 5.65 30.52
Tungsten, W, (drawn wire) basic elements 17.6991 5.65 30.52
Yttrium, Y basic elements 1.7544 57.00 3.02
Yttrium, Y; Annealed Rod basic elements 1.7544 57.00 3.02
Ytterbium; Yb basic elements 3.4483 29.00 5.95
Zinc; Zn basic elements 16.8919 5.92 29.12
Zirconium; Zr basic elements 2.5000 40.00 4.31
AISI 1000 Series Steel construction materials 5.5556 - 50.0000 2.00 - 18.00 0.00
AISI 4000 Series Steel construction materials 3.8002 - 50.0000 2.00 - 26.30 0.00
AISI 5000 Series Steel construction materials 4.3836 - 50.0000 2.00 - 22.80 0.00
AISI 6000 Series Steel construction materials 4.2735 23.40 7.37
AISI 8000 Series Steel construction materials 4.2735 - 50.0000 2.00 - 23.40 0.00
AISI 9000 Series Steel construction materials 5.7471 - 50.0000 2.00 - 17.40 0.00
Low Alloy Steel construction materials 0.7042 - 50.0000 2.00 - 142.00 0.00
Medium Alloy Steel construction materials 1.5385 - 5.8824 17.00 - 65.00 0.00
Austenitic construction materials 0.0133 - 13.5135 7.40 - 7,500.00 0.00
Low Carbon Steel construction materials 3.3333 - 50.0000 2.00 - 30.00 0.00
Medium Carbon Steel construction materials 0.7042 - 7.0422 14.20 - 142.00 0.00
High Carbon Steel construction materials 3.3333 - 50.0000 2.00 - 30.00 0.00
Cast Iron construction materials 0.7042 - 20.0000 5.00 - 142.00 0.00
Alloy Cast Iron construction materials 0.00000090909 - 7.0423 14.20 - 110,000,000 0.00
Stainless Steel construction materials 0.6894 - 22.2222 4.50 - 145.00 0.00
Cold Work Steel construction materials 1.5625 - 1.8519 54.00 - 64.00 0.00
Hot Work Steel construction materials 1.6949 - 2.0000 50.00 - 59.00 0.00
Aluminum 2024-O construction materials 28.6533 3.49 49.40
Aluminum 2024-T3 construction materials 17.1821 5.82 29.62
Aluminum 2024-T361 construction materials 17.1821 5.82 29.62
Aluminum 2024-T6 construction materials 22.2717 4.49 38.40
Alluminum Alloy construction materials 33.3333 - 37.0370 2.70 - 3.00 0.00
Beryllium Alloy construction materials 1.1025 - 40.0000 2.50 - 90.70 0.00
Bismuth Alloy construction materials 0.8929 - 2.9412 34.00 - 112.00 0.00
Cobalt Alloy construction materials 0.7042 - 16.0256 6.24 - 142.00 0.00
Copper Alloy construction materials 0.2041 - 59.8802 1.67 - 490.00 0.00
Brass construction materials 3.5714 - 31.4465 3.18 - 28.00 0.00
Bronze construction materials 4.00 - 27.7778 3.60 - 25.00 0.00
Copper Casting Alloy alloys 1.0438 - 53.4759 1.87 - 95.80 0.00
Wrought Copper alloys 7.5188 - 59.1716 1.69 - 13.30 0.00
Indium Alloy alloys 1.9231 - 13.8889 7.20 - 52.00 0.00
Lead Alloy alloys 2.32558 - 7.1429 14.00 - 43.00 0.00
Magnesium Alloy alloys 0.9091 - 21.7391 4.60 - 110.00 0.00
Molybdenum Alloy alloys 4.5455 - 27.0270 3.70 - 22.00 0.00
Nickel Alloy alloys 0.1449 - 20.4082 4.90 - 690.00 0.00
Niobium Alloy alloys 6.2500 - 8.0000 12.50 - 16.00 0.00
Gold Alloy alloys 2.7100 - 45.4545 2.20 - 36.90 0.00
Palladium Alloy alloys 2.3256 - 10.0705 9.93 - 43.00 0.00
Platinum Alloy alloys 1.5038 - 9.4340 10.60 - 66.50 0.00
Silver Alloy alloys 0.1276 - 68.0272 1.47 - 784.00 0.00
Refractory Metal alloys 3.4483 - 52.6316 1.90 - 29.00 0.00
Solder/Braze Alloy alloys 0.1276 - 60.9756 1.64 - 784.00 0.00
Tin Alloy alloys 2.9412 - 9.6154 10.40 - 34.00 0.00
Alpha/Beta Titanium Alloy alloys 0.4878 - 1.0870 92.00 - 205.00 0.00
Destech Open-Celled Glassy Carbon Foam carbon 0.0125 8,000.00 0.02
Nanocyl NANOCYL™ NC1000 Single-Wall Isolated and Bundled Carbon Nanotubes carbon 1.0000 - 10.0000 10.00 - 100.000.00
Nanocyl NANOCYL™ NC7000 Thin Multi- Wall Carbon Nanotubes carbon 1.00 - 10.00 10.00 - 100.000.00
Goodfellow Multi Wall Carbon Nanotube Powder carbon 1.0000 100.00 1.72
Grolltex Large Area CVD Graphene Film on Si/SiO2, 150mm Diameter carbon 0.00001 - 0.0001 1,000,000 - 100,000,0000.00
Grolltex Large Area CVD Graphene Film on Si/SiO2, 200mm Diameter carbon 0.0000033333 - 0.00002 5,000,000 - 30,000,0000.00
Goodfellow Reduced Graphene Oxide (GO) Powder carbon 0.00066667 150,000.00 0.00
Poco Graphite EDM-1 EDM Graphite carbon 0.0518 1,930.00 0.09
Graphite, Carbon carbon 0.0167 6,000.00 0.03
UCAR Carbon UCAR® CBY Extruded Graphite carbon 0.1191 840,000.00 0.00
Poco Graphite TM Industrial Grade Graphite carbon 0.0820 1,220.00 0.14
Zoltek™ PX35 Continuous Tow Carbon Fiber carbon 0.0645 1550.00 0.11
Zoltek™ PX35 P/TW28-50 Woven Carbon Fiber Fabric carbon 0.0645 1550.00 0.11
SGL S001 EPY Staple Carbon Fiber, Epoxy Sizing carbon 0.0625 1600.00 0.11
Zoltek™ OX Staple Oxidized PAN Fiber carbon 0.000000000000125 800,000,000,000,000 0.00
ABS/Polyester Alloy polymer 0.00000000000000000001 - 0.0000000000000000001 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 - 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 0.00
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Molded polymer 0.0000000000000000000001 - 0.00000000001 1.00E+13 - 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 0.00
Acrylic, General Purpose, Molded polymer 0.000000000000000000001 - 0.00000000000001 10,000,000,000,000,000 - 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 0.00
Acrylic, Extruded polymer 0.0000000000000000001 - 0.0000000000000001 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 - 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 0.00
Epoxy Adhesive polymer 0.000000000000000000002 - 1.00 100 - 50,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 0.00
Polyetheretherketone, PEEK, Aramid Fiber Filled polymer 0.00000000000000000001 - 0.00000001 10,000,000,000 - 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 0.00
Polycarbonate, Molded polymer 0.00000000000000000000005 - 0.0000000000001 1,000,000,000,000,000 - 200,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 0.00
Polycarbonate, Extruded polymer 0.0000000000000000000005 - 0.0000001 1,000,000,000 - 200,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 0.00
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Unreinforced polymer 0.0000000000000000000001 - 0.00000000002 5,000,000,000,000 - 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 0.00
Polyetherimide (PEI) polymer 0.0000000000000000000001 - 0,0010 100,000.00 - 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 0.00
Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Molded polymer 0.00000000000000000001 - 0.0000000000000000001 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 - 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 0.00
Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Film Grade polymer 0.0000000000000000001 - 2.0000E-07 5.00E+08 - 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 0.00
Medium Density Polyethylene (MDPE), Molded polymer 0.0000000000000000001 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 0.00
Medium Density Polyethylene (MDPE), Extruded polymer 0.0000000000000000000033333 - 0.0000000000000000001 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 - 30,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 0.00
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Injection Molded polymer 0.000000000000000000001 - 0.000000001 100,000,000,000 - 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 0.00
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Extruded polymer 0.000000000000000000000001 - 0.00000001 10,000,000,000 - 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 0.00
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Pipe Grade polymer 0.000000000000000000001 - 0.000000001 100,000,000,000 - 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 0.00
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Blow Molding Grade polymer 0.0000000000000000001 - 0.00000001 10,000,000,000 - 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 0.00
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Glass fiber Filled polymer 0.00000000000000000001 - 0.0000001 1,000,000,000 - 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 0.00
MarkeTech Silicon Single Crystal Semiconductor Wafer, p-type, Boron Doped, semiconductors 0.000002 - 0.002 50,000 - 50,000,0000.00
MarkeTech Silicon Single Crystal Semiconductor Wafer, n-type, Phosphorous Doped semiconductors 0.000004 - 0.001 10,000.00 - 25,000.000.00
MarkeTech Silicon Single Crystal Semiconductor Wafer, n-type, Antimony Doped semiconductors 0.005 - 0.0125 8,000.00 - 20,000.000.00
MarkeTech Silicon Single Crystal Semiconductor Wafer, n-type, Arsenic Doped semiconductors 0.0143 7,000.000.02
MarkeTech Silicon Single Crystal Semiconductor Wafer, n-type, Phosphorous Doped semiconductors 0.0000005 - 0.000016667 6,000,000 - 200,000,0000.00
MarkeTech Silicon Single Crystal Semiconductor Wafer, p-type, Dopant: NDT, semiconductors 0.0000005 - 0.00002 5,000,000 - 200,000,0000.00
S-Glass Fiber semiconductors 0.000000000000001105 90,500,000,000,000,000 0.00
Silizium 300K, p-type, Boron doped, technical utility range semiconductors 0.000001 - 0.0125 8,000 - 100,000,000 0.00
Silizium 300K, n-type, Phosporous doped, technical utility range semiconductors 0.000001 - 0.025 4,000 - 100,000,000 0.00
Gallium Arsenide, GaAs, p-type, 10^15/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.0000041246 24,244,620.17 0.00
Gallium Arsenide, GaAs, p-type, 10^16/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.000047863 2,089,296.13 0.00
Gallium Arsenide, GaAs, p-type, 10^17/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.0003946 253,,23.07 0.00
Gallium Arsenide, GaAs, p-type, 10^18/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.0031623 31,622.78 0.01
Gallium Arsenide, GaAs, p-type, 10^19/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.0136 7,334.74 0.02
Silicium, Si, p-type, 10^15/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.000007017 14,251,026.70 0.00
Silicium, Si, p-type, 10^16/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.000072444 1,380,384.27 0.00
Silicium, Si, p-type, 10^17/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.00036115 276,890.27 0.00
Silicium, Si, p-type, 10^18/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.0016276 61,441.46 0.00
Silicium, Si, p-type, 10^19/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.0100 10,000.00 0.02
Germanium, Ge, p-type, 10^15/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.000027542 3,630,780.55 0.00
Germanium, Ge, p-type, 10^16/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0,0002649 377,505.32 0.00
Germanium, Ge, p-type, 10^17/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.0018588 53,798.38 0.00
Germanium, Ge, p-type, 10^18/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.0100 10,000.00 0.02
Germanium, Ge, p-type, 10^19/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.0431 2,319.45 0.07
Gallium Arsenide, GaAs, n-type, 10^15/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.000083176 1,202,264.44 0.00
Gallium Arsenide, GaAs, n-type, 10^16/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.00061442 162,756.54 0.00
Gallium Arsenide, GaAs, n-type, 10^17/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.0053798 18,587.92 0.01
Gallium Arsenide, GaAs, n-type, 10^18/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.0450 2,218.98 0.08
Gallium Arsenide, GaAs, n-type, 10^19/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.2769 361.15 0.48
Silicium, Si, n-type, 10^15/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.000021878 4,570,881.90 0.00
Silicium, Si, n-type, 10^16/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.00017783 562,341.33 0.00
Silicium, Si, n-type, 10^17/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.0011421 87,560.39 0.00
Silicium, Si, n-type, 10^18/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.003946 25,342.31 0.01
Silicium, Si, n-type, 10^19/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.0163 6,144.15 0.03
Germanium, Ge, n-type, 10^15/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.000066069 1,513,561.25 0.00
Germanium, Ge, n-type, 10^16/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.00050119 199,526.23 0.00
Germanium, Ge, n-type, 10^17/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.00263 38,018.94 0.00
Germanium, Ge, n-type, 10^18/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.0158 6,309.57 0.03
Germanium, Ge, n-type, 10^19/cm^3 concentration semiconductors 0.000000069183 1,445,439,771.00 0.00
Mateck Zinc Sulphide, ZnS semiconductors 0.0000000000000001 - 0.000000000001 1.00E+14 - 1.00E+18 0.00
Mateck Zinc Selenide, ZnSe semiconductors 0.0000000000000001 - 0.002 50,000.00 - 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 0.00
Mateck Zinc Telluride, ZnTe semiconductors 0.0000000001 1,000,000,000,000 0.00
Zinc Germanium Phosphide, ZnGeP2 semiconductors 0.000000000027778 3,600,000,000,000 0.00
Zinc Silicon Phosphide, ZnSiP2 semiconductors 0.000000000055556 1,800,000,000,000 0.00
Silver paste printing paste 3.3333 - 10.00 10.00 - 30.00 0.00
Platinum paste printing paste 9.4340 10.60 16.27
Copper paste printing paste 1.6667 - 5.8824 17.00 - 60.00 0.00
SiSiC, Silicium Carbide semidonductors 0.0000001 1,000,000,000 0.00
Gallium Arsenide, GaAs semiconductors 0.00000000001 10,000,000,000,000 0.00
ITO, Indium tin oxide Transparent conductive
materials		 0.8772 114.00 1.51
In2O3, Indium(III) oxide Transparent conductive materials 1.0000 100.001.72
SnO2, Tin oxide Transparent conductive materials 0.2500 400.000.43
ZnO, Zinc oxide Transparent conductive materials 0.8333 120.001.44
ZnO:Al, Aluminium doped Transparent conductive materials 0.0769 1,300.000.13
CdSnO2, Cadmium-tin oxide Transparent conductive materials 0.7692 130.001.33
Cdo:In, Cadmium oxide, Indium doped Transparent conductive materials 1.6667 60.002.87
Zno and ZnMg2O, Aluminium doped, deposition with magnetron sputtering Transparent conductive materials 0.10001,000.000.17
ZnO:Al, Zinc Oxide,Aluminium doped, Aqueous solution deposition Transparent conductive materials 0.02005,000.000.03
ZnO:Al, Zinc Oxide, Aluminium doped, pulsed laser deposition Transparent conductive materials 1.1710 85.402.02
ZnO:In, Zinc Oxide, Indium doped, sputtering deposition Transparent conductive materials 0.0003333 300,000.000.00
ZnO:Al, Zinc Oxide, Aluminium doped, Sol-gel Transparent conductive materials 0.005154619,400.000.01
ZnO:Al, Zinc Oxide, Aluminium doped, Chemical spray Transparent conductive materials 0.005618,000.000.01
ZnO:Al, Zinc Oxide, Aluminium doped, magnetic sputtering and post annealing Transparent conductive materials 0.1142876.000.20
ZnO:Al, Zinc Oxide, Aluminium doped, Magnetron co-Sputtering and post annealing Transparent conductive materials 0.1205830.000.21
ZnO:Al, Zinc Oxide, Aluminium doped, Microwave assisted sol-gel synthesis Transparent conductive materials 0.00425523,500.000.01
ZnO:Si, Zinc Oxide, Silicium doped, Aerosol assisted Chemical vapor deposition Transparent conductive materials 0.005020,000.000.01
ZnO:Al+Ga, High-throughput continuous hydrotermal flow synthesis, pellets Transparent conductive materials 0.01119,000.000.02
ZnO:Al+Ga, Aerosol asisted Chemical transport, pellets Transparent conductive materials 0.1786560.000.31
PEDOT:PPS (AL 4083) Transparent conductive materials 0.00000002 - 0.0000002 500,000,000 - 5,000,000,0000.00
PEDOT:PPS (PH100) Transparent conductive materials 0.0833 1,200.000.14
PEDOT:PPS (HTL Solar 3) Transparent conductive materials 0.00001 - 0.0001 1,000,000 - 10,000,0000.00
PEDOT:PPS (HTL Solar 3) Transparent conductive materials 0,00000002 - 0.00002 5,000,000 - 500,000,0000.00
FTO, Fluorine doped Tin Oxide, 1% Transparent conductive materials 0.0002747 364,100.000.00
FTO, Fluorine doped Tin Oxide 3% Transparent conductive materials 0.001 100,000.000.00
FTO, Fluorine doped Tin Oxide, 5% Transparent conductive materials 0.015267 6,550.000.03
FTO, Fluorine doped Tin Oxide 7% Transparent conductive materials 0.0007246 138,000.000.00
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